study on the fouling behavior of polyethylene and silica nanoparticles mixed matrix membranes in filtration of humic acid solution

because most contaminants in water create strong interactions with hydrophobic surfaces, there are usually problems such as flux decline and pore blocking in polyethylene (pe) membranes due to irreversible adsorption of foulants on their intrinsic hydrophobic surface. therefore, in this work, attempts were made to improve the properties of pe membranes in terms of water flux and membrane fouling resistance by dispersion of silica nanoparticles (nps). first, nps were synthesized by sol-gel method at two concentrations of ammonia (0.5 and 1 mol/l). the synthesized nps with smaller size were used to fabricate the mixed matrix pe membranes containing 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 wt% nps. fe-sem and edx analyses were employed to evaluate the morphology and structure of the fabricated membranes and confirmed the presence of nps in the membranes matrix. the results of pure water flux test revealed that the membrane containing 1 wt% nps displayed the maximum flux of 30 l/m2.h. furthermore, the performance and fouling behaviors of membranes during filtration of humic acid solution, one of the most important contaminants of water resources, were studied using a classical fouling model. fouling mechanism analysis showed that for neat and nps-embedded membranes containing 0.5 and 2 wt% nps, the best fit of the data was obtained by cake layer formation as well as the intermediate blocking mechanisms. however, the best fit of the experimental data of nps-embedded membrane containing 1 wt% occurred with only cake layer formation mechanism. the investigation on membrane fouling resistance showed that 1 wt% nps-embedded membrane displayed 58% maximum flux recovery and 52% reversibility to total fouling ratio, respectively.